MIMO Wireless Channel and How to Determine Its Capacity...

‘‘If I have seen farther, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.’’ is very truly coated by Sir Isaac Newton. Ideas gave way to idea. When Marconi invented wireless communication 100 years ago, we had no idea that one day life will seem to be impossible without it. It has penetrated each and every aspect of human life and has resulted into endless demands on bandwidth and spectrum. And by standing on the shoulders of giants, Teletarand Foschinigave the technique of MIMO system which would increase the spectral efficiency of the wireless system to its maximum compared to all the current technologies. Multiple antennas are used for transmission and reception to increases the capacity of the wireless channel.Capacity is expressed as the†¦show more content†¦SIMO Fig1: Different antenna configurations in space-time systems. Now we know that MIMO is an array, so we need to be some terms related to antenna array, which is Array gain, the average increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiverthat arises from the coherent combining effect of multiple antennas at the receiveror transmitter or both.If the channel is known to the multiple antenna transmitter, The transmitter will weigh the transmission with weights, depending on the channelcoefficients, so that there is coherent combining at the single antenna receiver.The array gain in this case is called transmitter array gain. And vice versa for SIMO case, which will be known as receiver Array Gain. Basically, multiple antenna systems require perfectchannel knowledge either at the transmitter or receiver or both to achieve thisarray gain. Next important term is Diversity Gain. Multipath fading is a significant problem in communications. In a fading channel,signals experience fades.When the signalpower drops significantly, the channel is said to be in a fade. This gives rise tohigh bit error rates (BER).This involvesproviding replicas of the transmitted signal over time, frequency, or space. Thereare three types of diversity schemes in wireless communications: I .Temporal diversity: In this case replicas of the transmitted signal are provided across time by a combination of channel coding and time interleaving strategies.Show MoreRelatedEvaluating A Resource Allocation Scheme For Coordinated Multi Point1517 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant gains in terms of the overall capacity of cell and cell-edge user throughput. The main purpose of this paper is to enhance the throughput of cell and , the cell-edge user’s, and the fairness among user equipment terminals (UEs) in LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems using CoMP In this paper we propose a resource allocation scheme for coordinated multipoint (CoMP). The transmit power is allocated to spatial layer. The transmit power is allocated to spatial layer under the total base station power constraintRead More4g Wireless System Pdf3851 Words   |  16 Pages4G Wireless System VISHVESHWARAIAH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BELGAUM-10 S.D.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DHARWAD-02 A seminar report on â€Å"4G WIRELESS SYSTEM â€Å" Submitted by SANGAMESHKUMAR.BANDI 2SD05CS066 8th semester SDMCET,CSE Dept Page 1 4G Wireless System DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2009-10 SDMCET,CSE Dept Page 2 4G Wireless System VISHVESHWARAIAH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BELGAUM-10 S.D.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCERead MoreCognitiveradio and Networking Research at Virginia Tech23281 Words   |  94 PagesINVITED PAPER Cognitive Radio and Networking Research at Virginia Tech A large research team with a wide range of expertiseVfrom ICs and reconfigurable computing to wireless networkingVworks to achieve the promise of cognitive radio. By Allen B. MacKenzie, Senior Member IEEE , Jeffrey H. Reed, Fellow IEEE , Peter Athanas, Senior Member IEEE , Charles W. Bostian, Fellow IEEE , R. Michael Buehrer, Senior Member IEEE , Luiz A. DaSilva, Senior Member IEEE , Steven W. Ellingson, Senior Member IEEERead MoreImprovement On Coexistence Of Lte Macro / Femtocell s Adaptive Interference Draining Using Rectangular Antenna s10053 Words   |  41 Pagescharacteristically attained completed bright resource allocation schemes for small cells. In Heterogeneous Network, the mobile network is constructed with layers of small and large cells. This architecture is faced with the task of supply allocation (power, channel, time) for small cells in order to guarantee reliable and high quality service to both primary (macrocell) users as well as secondary (femtocell) users. In mobile network all users can be considered as nomadic, in the form of microcells, hot-spotsRead More4g Communication22481 Words   |  90 Pages4G WIRELESS COMMU NICATIONS Anto vinoth.M, Punith Maharishi.Y.R antovinoth.m@gmail.com maharishipunith@yahoo.com Abstract— Mobile communication is continuously one of the hottest areas that are developing at a booming speed, with advanced techniques emerging in all the fields of mobile and wireless communications. With this rapid development it is expected that fourth generation mobile systems will be launched within decades. 4G mobile systems focus on seamlessly integrating the existingRead MoreQuality Of Service : Wireless And Cellular Networks8344 Words   |  34 Pages Summer 15 Nishant Bochare W1165712 Quality of service in Wireless and Cellular Networks A report by Nishant Bochare Santa Clara University Submitted to Dr. Keyvan Moataghed Audience Audience for this topic can be the anyone who has some basic knowledge about networking. This Document provide detailed information about quality of structure (QoS) in wireless networks and cellular networks. This document contain overview of QoS and several enhancementRead MorePen-Style Personal Networking Gadget Package12728 Words   |  51 Pagescalled as P-ISM (â€Å"Pen-style Personal Networking Gadget Package†), is nothing but the new discovery, which is under developing stage by NEC Corporation. P-ISM is a gadget package including five functions: a CPU pen, communication pen with a cellular phone function, virtual keyboard, a very small projector, and a camera. P-ISM’s are connected with one another through short-range wireless technology. The whole set is also connected to the Internet through the cellular phone function. This personalRead MoreCase 29 Panera Bread Company: Rising Fortunes?25159 Words   |  101 Pageshas been providing a full suite of services on multiple platforms to fulfil the telecommunications needs of individual consumers, SMEs and large corporations in Malaysia. Maxis mobile service is offered on a postpaid basis under the Maxis brand and via a prepaid format under the Hotlink brand. The use of these two distinct brands, underpinned by synergistic values, has enabled Maxis to develop its prepaid business successfully while maintaining growth in its postpaid segment. Maxis has also pioneered

The Bloody Chamber, By Angela Carter - 1386 Words

As a feminist, it is almost to be expected that many of Angela Carter’s happy ever after endings will strike the reader with a bold feminist message. However, in The Bloody Chamber, this is not necessarily the case. Although there are several feminist messages in the stories’ resolutions, these messages are not always presented in the way one would expect, and not every female protagonist is presented as a feminist character. By taking the roles of typically Gothic women and toying with the presentation of female characters, many of Carter’s feminist messages are not as one would expect. The eponymous story The Bloody Chamber ends with a sense of resolution, love and happiness. The antagonist of the story is no more, and the narrator is able to live a happy and fulfilling life with Jean-Yves. Whether the ending is truly feminist, however, is open to discussion. In one respect, the actual resolution to the story is all down to the narrator’s mother, who is presented at the story’s climax as an incredibly powerful female figure. Carter uses masculine and bestial imagery to describe the mother, in a way that is not dissimilar to earlier imagery to describe the Marquis. The narrator refers to her mother’s hair as â€Å"her white mane†; just as earlier she had referenced the Marquis’s â€Å"dark mane†. The juxtaposition between light and dark here is a typical example of Gothic extremes; while the Marquis seems to represent darkness – the supernatural and evil – the mother isShow MoreRelatedThe Bloody Chamber By Angela Carter1341 Words   |  6 Pagesgaze† and the feminist theory, that help to understand the role of the women and show how they are oppressed and weak in comparison to men. Angela Carter reinforces these theories by sharing similar ideas of male dominance and female redemption in her short novel, The Bloody Chamber. Through her stories, â€Å"The Erl-King†  "The Snow Child† and â€Å"The Bloody Chamber,† Carter challenges and critiques the stereotypical gender norms of society by focusing on the representation of the female body and the way inRead MoreThe Bloody Chamber By Angela Carter1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe Bloody Chamber by Angela Carter was published in 1979, a time when distinct patriarchal roles were present, and women were treated as objects in society. Carter demonstrates these gender roles in her collection, which undoubtedly deals with dark themes of sexuality and violence. Carter does not exhibit the patriarchal representations of gender in a black and white method; rather it is quite ambiguous. This essay will argue that Carter has failed to provide a valid critique of patriarchal representationsRead MoreThe Bloody Chamber By Angela Carter866 Words   |  4 Pagesit includes anxious feelings due to the absence of connection or communication with other beings, both in the present and extending into the f uture. Some describe it as emptiness or hollowness inside of one’s being. In the narrative The Bloody Chamber (1979), Angela Carter’s characters deal with the emotion of loneliness by taking action and intervening through any circumstances. In contrast, in Zadie Smith’s Hanwell in Hell (2004) the main characters Clive and Hanwell deal with loneliness simply throughRead MoreEssay on The Bloody Chamber by Angela Carter2054 Words   |  9 Pagesin Carter’s writing, particularly in her book ‘The Bloody Chamber’ which is commonly considered to be her masterwork, brimming with intertextualities and ambiguities. Some may find her work to be excessively violent or savage, perhaps even alienating. Yet others may have found this no-holds-barred approach to be exhilarating and refreshing in comparison to other authors of her time. In her re-writing of Perrault and Beaumont’s classic tales, Carter proposes a reading of several well-known stories withRead MoreAngela Carter - The bloody Chamber1283 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿How does Carter present the experience of the girl in The Bloody Chamber? Carter has directed the narrative mostly, although not completely, from the older woman in the text, speaking back on the past (therefore past tense) as a first person narrative. There is interjections of dialogue throughout the text, although it is mostly constructed as a written text, as if the older women is writing in a diary, but has interjections of dialogue, possibly showing her memory traveling back and replayingRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Bloody Chamber By Angela Carter1611 Words   |  7 PagesCarter Castrates Freud: Criticism in ‘The Bloody Chamber’ of Psychoanalytic Theory While Psychoanalysis has provided many psychological breakthroughs in the field of mental health, it has also created great issue in relation to gender equality. Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory has contributed to the solidification of female oppression, and to the inferior status of women in the twentieth century. Psychoanalysis had become so intwined into the constructs of a male dominated society that it createsRead MoreAnalysis Of Angela Carter s The Bloody Chamber 1430 Words   |  6 Pagesnarrative concentrates its meaning. Sign and sense can fuse to an extent impossible to achieve among the multiplying ambiguities of an extended narrative.† – Angela Carter Angela Carter is known in the literary community for her use of fairytales and overt sexual imagery in promoting feminist platforms. At the time she wrote â€Å"The Bloody Chamber†, the Second Wave of Feminism and, subsequently, the rise of radical-libertarian feminism were crashing into the forefront of the global politics. This waveRead MoreAnalysis Of Angela Carter s The Bloody Chamber 1756 Words   |  8 PagesMost of Angela Carter’s work revolves around democratic feminism and her representation of the patriarchal roles subjugated to women. (Evangelou, 2013) ‘The Bloody Chamber’ by Angela Carter suggests many substitutions to infamous depictions of femininity. Angela Carter manipulates old-fashioned fairy tales in order to subvert conformist gender roles like submissive wives and male dominance. (Makinen, 1992) While Carter receives commendation for her work, Patricia Duncker critiques her as well, forRead MoreThe Sexual Content in Angela Carter ´ S the Bloody Chamber1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sexual Content in Angela Carter ´s â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories, is a selection of fairytales which have been re-written by Angela Carter to place them in the modern day. Carter has taken seven fairytales whose â€Å"latent content† she says were â€Å"violently sexual†, (qtd by Robin Sheets, â€Å"Pornography Fairy Tales and Feminism† 642). The stories include a variation of classics fairytales such as â€Å"Bluebeard†, â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† and â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† with sometimesRead MoreEssay on Gothic Conventions in The Bloody Chamber by Angela Carter1367 Words   |  6 PagesGothic Conventions in The Bloody Chamber by Angela Carter The Gothic is often distinguished by an atmosphere of terror, darkness, mystery, the unexplained and the transgression of boundaries. This essay will attempt to dissect how Angela Carter uses Gothic conventions in the passage taken out of her novel, The Bloody Chamber. One of the most predominant conventions manipulated here is that of a dark and mysterious atmosphere. Throughout the passage the feeling of terror prevails. This

Southwest Airlines Business Model free essay sample

The airlines industry has historically been one of the most unprofitable industries. The reason can be explained when incorporating Michael Porter’s famous Five Forces Model. The threat of competition is Southwest Airlines Co. (NYSE: LUV) is an American low-cost airline based in Dallas, Texas, with its largest focus city at Las Vegas McCarran International Airport. It is the largest airline in the United States by number of passengers carried domestically per year and (as of December 31, 2007) also the largest airline in the world by number of passengers carried. It is also the 6th largest U.S. airline by revenue. [8] It also maintains the third-largest fleet of aircraft among all of the worlds commercial airlines. As of July 12, 2008, Southwest operates approximately 3,500 flights daily. Southwest Airlines has carried more customers than any other U. S. airline since August 2006 for combined domestic and international passengers according to the U. S. Department of Transportation’s Bureau of Transportation Statistics. [9] Southwest Airlines is one of the worlds most profitable airlines and in January 2008, posted a profit for the 35th consecutive year. Southwest Airlines was originally incorporated to serve three cities in Texas as Air Southwest on March 15, 1967, by Rollin King and Herb Kelleher. According to frequently-cited story, King described the concept to Kelleher over dinner by drawing on a paper napkin a triangle symboliziSouthwest Airlines founder Herb Kelleher studied California-based Pacific Southwest Airlines extensively and used many of the airlines ideas to form the corporate culture at Southwest, and even on early flights used the same Long Legs And Short Nights theme for stewardesses on board typical Southwest Airlines flights. The airline adopted the first profit-sharing plan in the U. S. airline industry in 1973. Through this plan and others, employees own about 10 percent of the company stock. ng the routes. (Dallas, Houston, San Antonio)[11] he rest of 1971 and 1972 saw operating losses. One of the four aircraft was sold to Frontier Airlines and the proceeds used to make payroll and cover other expenses. Southwest continued to operate a schedule predicated on four aircraft but using only three, and in so doing the ten minute turn was born, and was the standard ground time for many years. 16] Southwest turned its first annual profit in 1973, and has done so every year since — a record unmatched by any other commercial airline. Southwest has used financial techniques such as fuel hedging to bolster its profitability and counteract many of the fiscal disadvantages of operating an airline. Fuel cost containment measures Southwest Airlines earned a reputation for being very aggressive and proactive about containing fuel costs as a key to maintaining profit margins. [19] With fuel being an airlines most important variable cost, Southwests measures have become a model for the industry. Hedging fuel Southwest has a longtime program to hedge fuel prices. It has purchased fuel options years in advance to smooth out fluctuations in fuel costs. In 2000, Southwest said it had adjusted its hedging strategy to utilize financial derivative instruments when it appears the Company can take advantage of market conditions. Additionally, the company hoped to take advantage of historically low jet fuel prices. SEC statement Southwests decision proved to be a prescient and, for a time, extremely profitable effort. To lock in the low historical prices Southwest believed were occurring at that time, Southwest used a mixture of swaps and call options to secure fuel in future years while paying prices they believed were low. The company also stated that with this new strategy, it faced substantial risks if the oil prices continued to go down, but they did not. Previously, Southwest had been more interested in reducing volatility of oil prices. Now, they hoped to reap large gains from oil price appreciation. In 2001, Southwest again substantially increased its hedging in response to projections of increased crude oil prices. The use of these hedges helped Southwest maintain its profitability during the oil shocks related to the Iraq War and later Hurricane Katrina. According to an annual report, here is the companys fuel hedge for forward years (approximate per barrel basis, as of mid-January): 2007 is 95% hedged at $50/barrel; 2008 is 65% hedged at $49/barrel; 2009 is over 50% hedged at $51/barrel; 2010 is over 25% hedged at $63/barrel; 2011 is over 15% hedged at $64/barrel; 2012 is 15% hedged at $63/barrel. According to its 2006 Annual Report, Southwest paid low prices for fuel thanks to the benefit of fuel hedges: †¢2004 82. 8 cents/gallon †¢2005 103. 3 cents/gallon †¢2006 153. 0 cents/gallon These are well below market rates, which Southwest factors into its low operating costs. However, this below-market oil cost will not continue forever; executives have said that Southwest faces increased exposure to the raw oil market every year. This is not a good sign for the airline, which is also facing tough competition from US legacy carriers that have lowered costs through bankruptcy. Southwest CEO Gary Kelly has decided to slow the airlines growth as a response to this cost. Some analysts have argued against the style of profit-motivated energy trading Southwest did between 1999 and the early 2000s. They suggested that rather than hedging business risk, (such as a hedge on weather to a farmer), Southwest was simply speculating on energy prices, without a formal rationale for doing so.

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Intuitionism Essay Example

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Intuitionism Paper Intuitionism came about as a post-utilitarian perspective, and was largely developed as an ethical theory by Moore, Pritchard and Ross. As the name of the theory tells us it is concerned with humans intuition, Sidgwick came to the conclusion that ethics was not based on a unifying principle but rather on human intuition. Today, an intuitionist is thought of as someone who holds particular views about the way in which we come to find out what actions are right and which are wrong. Apparently, we group basic moral principles because of our intuition. Moral principles are capable of being true and known through a special faculty; moral intuition. W. D. Ross and Pritchard, claimed that they are facts about what is morally right and wrong and that our understanding of these is sufficient to deserve the title knowledge. We know that something is good by intuition: it is self-evident, good is something known directly by intuitionism1 G. E. Moore wrote that what is good, or morally good, cannot be defined by humans, just as yellow also cannot. We all know what yellow is in sensory terms but the only way to describe yellow is to use other colours which does not help someone who is colour blind, Good can be defined no more successfully than yellow. 2 However, we know instantly what yellow is, and we know instinctively what is morally good; they are both self-evident to us. Moore thought that what makes an action good or otherwise are the aims of the person in question when carrying out that action. Moore then went on to make a distinction between the aims and the consequences of an action: the aims are decided intuitively before the action and determine its moral nature. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the strengths and weaknesses of Intuitionism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What are the strengths and weaknesses of Intuitionism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What are the strengths and weaknesses of Intuitionism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The consequences are determined retrospectively, therefore not determining morality. Harold Arthur Pritchard developed Moores ideas further, he thought that moral obligation just is, and it can be perceived by our intuition. This means that moral obligation is something that a person could just know, it was not quite the same as feeling certain or failing to think or not questioning. The most evident strength of intuitionism is that the Judaeo-Christian tradition teaches that human beings are made in the likeness of God, therefore having his laws written in their hearts. This clearly supports the intuitive approach. The good person knows what is morally good because he/she is designed to know. Paramount to this idea is a) there is an absolute moral code b) that we have the ability to recognise it. Moreover, it is likely in practice that the majority of moral agents act at least partly from intuition on the majority of occasions when they have to make a moral decision. A weakness of the system is to assume that we can know A because of B. We cannot, in fact, say something is right because we intuit it to be that way. An intuitionist would say that humans only have their moral hunches and intuitions to guide them, so we have to rely on this by default. Unlike the scientific world in the world of morals, an intuitive moral decision is often held to be right because the person feels it to be so. This can be seen as a criticism of intuitionism because moral decisions making is more of an art form that an exact science. The apparent weaknesses of intuitionism could be summed up by saying when asking why should I be good? Because you just know you should. Emotivism, as its name suggests, is the moral theory based on peoples emotive responses to other people, events, situations, viewpoints and principles. Emotive response in this context is simply referring to a persons feelings about something. Thus, Emotivism is concerned principally, if not exclusively, with how people feel about something. This can be clearly seen in someone who says abortion is wrong, because according to Emotivism all they are doing is announcing how they feel about abortion. Even if they give a number of reasons why they feel this way, for example it goes against the sanctity of life. All the person is doing is finding other reasons which appeal to their emotions in order to support their initial position. When we remove all the so called rational reasons or arguments for doing A rather than B or believing in X rather than Y, then at root what we are left with is just a personal preference based on feelings of approval or disapproval. This is why the theory is commonly known as the Boo-Hurrah theory; when a statement is approved of the response is Hurrah and when a statement is disapproved of then the response is Boo. The weaknesses of the emotive theory of ethics are as follows; most people believe the need for a moral code. Most moral codes prescribe anti-social acts such as murder, stealing, cheating, deceiving, offending others. Integrity, honesty, loyalty, decency are also common moral requirements. If there is such a thing as a basic moral code, then Emotivism which is relative cannot be an exhaustive or complete system. Also, if everyone operates morally solely on their emotions then there should never be the problem of what to do, they would simply follow their strongest feeling on the issue. However, reality is different. For example; I may have huge sympathy for an elderly patient in pain, imploring me as her doctor to put her out of her misery. I have to force myself against my feelings, reasoning that her life is sacred, and I have no right to play God. Another problem with the relativism inherent in Emotivism is the difficulty of deciding where to draw the line of tolerance. If a Satanist is preaching hatred or murder as a good thing in his eyes should he be opposed vociferously, or in any other way, or not at all? After all, if he feels the emotion of hatred is the best basis of his moral code; from an emotive-relativist point of view I should do nothing unless he actually harms someone. Moreover, Alasdair McIntyre believes that Emotivism is bankrupt as an ethical theory because it lacks any moral absolutes. According to McIntyre the implications of Emotivism on society would be that social relations become manipulative because each person relates to everyone else morally in terms of their own individual emotions, not in terms of absolute moral values. This leads to people being a means to our own ends, instead of being ends in themselves.