English Language History, Definition, and Examples

The term  English  is derived from  Anglisc, the  speech  of the Angles—one of the three Germanic tribes that invaded England during the fifth century. The English language is the primary language of several countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and many of its former colonies, and the United States, and the second language in a number of multilingual countries, including India, Singapore, and the Philippines. Its an official language in several African countries as well, such as Liberia, Nigeria, and South Africa, but is spoken worldwide in more than 100. Its learned around the world by children in school as a foreign language and often becomes a common denominator between people of different nationalities when they meet while traveling, doing business, or in other contexts. According to Christine Kenneally in her book The First Word, Today there are about 6,000 languages in the world, and half of the worlds population speaks only 10 of them. English is the single most dominant of these 10. British colonialism initiated the spread of English across the globe; it has been spoken nearly everywhere and has become even more prevalent since World War II, with the global reach of American power. The influence of the English language has also spread globally through American pop culture, music, movies, advertising, and TV shows. Spoken Worldwide About 20 percent of the worlds population speaks English as a first or secondary language, about 1.5 billion people. If you include people who use it, that brings the estimate up to more than one-fourth of the world, or more than 2 billion of the worlds 7.7 billion people, as of 2019. Only about 360 million people speak it as their first language, though. There are now estimated to be 1.5 billion English speakers globally: 375 million who speak English as their first language, 375 million as a second language and 750 million who speak English as a foreign language, noted Tony Reilly in English Changes Lives in Britains  The Sunday Times. He continued: The elites of Egypt, Syria and Lebanon have dumped French in favour of English. India has reversed its former campaign against the language of its colonial rulers, and millions of Indian parents are now enrolling their children in English-language schools—in recognition of the importance of English for social mobility. Since 2005, India has had the world’s largest English-speaking population, with far many more people using the language than before independence. Rwanda, in a move dictated as much by regional economics as post-genocide politics, has decreed a wholesale switch to English as its medium of instruction. And China is about to launch a colossal programme to tackle one of the few remaining obstacles to its breakneck economic expansion: a paucity of English-speakers. English has official or special status in at least 75 countries with a combined population of two billion people. It is estimated that one out of four people worldwide speak English with some degree of competence. When English Was First Spoken English derived from a  Proto-Indo-European  language spoken by nomads wandering Europe about 5,000 years ago. German also came from this language. English is conventionally divided into three major historical periods:  Old English,  Middle English, and  Modern English. Old English was brought to the British Isles by Germanic peoples: the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles, starting in 449. With the establishment of centers of learning in Winchester, histories being written, and the translation of important Latin texts into West Saxons dialect in 800s, the dialect spoken there became the official Old English. Adopted words came from Scandinavian languages. Evolution of the English Language In the Norman conquest in 1066, the Norman French dialect (which was French with a Germanic influence) arrived in Britain. The center of learning gradually moved from Winchester to London, so Old English no longer dominated.  Norman French, spoken by the aristocracy, and Old English, spoken by the common people, intermingled over time to become Middle English. By the 1200s, about 10,000 French words had been incorporated into English. Some words served as replacements for the English words, and others coexisted with slightly changed meanings. Spellings changed as people with the Norman French background wrote down the English words as they sounded. Other changes include the loss of gender for nouns, some word forms (called inflections), the silent e, and the coalescing of a more constrained word order. Chaucer wrote in Middle English in the late 1300s. Latin (church, courts), French, and English were widely used in Britain at the time, though English still had many regional dialects that caused some confusion. Structural and grammatical changes happened as well. Charles Barber points out in The English Language: A Historical Introduction: One of the major  syntactic  changes in the  English language  since Anglo-Saxon times has been the disappearance of the S[ubject]-O[bject]-V[erb] and V[erb]-S[ubject]-O[bject] types of  word-order, and the establishment of the  S[ubject]-V[erb]-O[bject]  type as normal. The S-O-V type disappeared in the early Middle Ages, and the V-S-O type was rare after the middle of the seventeenth century. V-S word-order does indeed still exist in English as a less common variant, as in Down the road came a whole crowd of children, but the full V-S-O type hardly occurs today.   Usage of Modern English Many scholars consider the early Modern English period to have begun about 1500. During the Renaissance, English incorporated many words from Latin via French, from classical Latin (not just church Latin), and Greek. The King James Bible (1611) and works of William Shakespeare are considered in Modern English. A major evolution in the language, ending the early subportion of the Modern English period, was when the pronunciation of long vowels changed. Its called the Great Vowel Shift  and is considered to have happened from the 1400s through the 1750s or so. For example, a Middle English long high vowel such as e eventually changed to a Modern English long  i, and a Middle English long oo evolved into a Modern English ou sound. Long mid- and low-vowels changed as well, such as a long a evolving to a Modern English long e  and an ah sound changing to the long a sound. So to clarify, the term Modern English refers more to the relative stasis of its pronunciation, grammar, and spelling than it has anything to do with current vocabulary or slang, which is always changing. Todays English English is ever adopting new words from other languages (350 languages, according to David Crystal in English as a Global Language). About three-quarters of its words come from Greek and Latin, but, as Ammon Shea points out in Bad English: A  History of Linguistic Aggravation, it is certainly not a Romance language, it is a Germanic one. Evidence of this may be found in the fact that it is quite easy to create a sentence without words of Latin origin, but pretty much impossible to make one that has no words from Old English. With so many sources behind its evolution, English is malleable, with words also being invented regularly as well. Robert Burchfield, in The English Language, calls the language a fleet of juggernaut trucks that goes on regardless. No form of linguistic engineering and no amount of linguistic legislation will prevent the myriads of change that lie ahead. Additions to the Dictionary After a certain amount of usage, dictionary editors decide whether a new word has enough staying power to add it to the dictionary. Merriam-Webster notes that its editors spend an hour or two daily reading a cross-section of material looking for new words, new meanings to old words, new forms, new spellings, and the like. The words are logged into a database with their context for documentation and further analysis. Before being added to the dictionary, a new word or change to an existing word must have a considerable amount of use over time in a variety of types of publications and/or media (widespread use, not just in jargon). The Oxford English Dictionary has a similar process for its 250 lexicographers and editors who are continually researching and updating language information.   Varieties of English Just as the United States has regional dialects and there are differences in pronunciation and words in British and American English, the language  has local varieties around the world:  African-American Vernacular English, American,  British, Canadian, Caribbean, Chicano, Chinese, Euro-English, Hinglish, Indian, Irish, Nigerian, Nonstandard English, Pakistani,  Scottish, Singapore,  Standard American, Standard British, Standard English,  and  Zimbabwean.

Homelessness The Current Social Welfare Issue - 1339 Words

Social Welfare Issue: Homelessness Written by: Laura Westra The current social welfare issue that I chose to explore is homelessness within Canada. First, this essay will give a brief description of homelessness. Secondly, it will describe how homelessness relates to some concepts and theories that we learned in this course Introduction to Social Welfare, it will also look at what may have happened to people facing homelessness one hundred years ago, next we will explore a possible solution to this social issue and where this fits within the political ideologies. Finally, I will give a brief explanation on whether social media is an effective tool for bringing about awareness regarding social issues. I believe homelessness is one of the most pressing social issues that Canada is facing, there are a number of diverse reasons for people living like this and the homeless population is more or less invisible to the rest of society. There are both external and internal factors that may contribute to an individual becoming homeless, these may include, but are not limited to; mental health issues, addiction and/or alcoholism, physical disabilities, lack of financial and social support, lack of employment skills and a lack of employment opportunities. There seems to be a gap in services and the large number of homeless individuals and families are the ones that fall through the cracks. In this course we have learned that there are two types of homelessness; absolute homelessnessShow MoreRelatedYouth Among The Homeless Essay1118 Words   |  5 Pages Homelessness is all around the world, and many people have either dealt with the issue or had first-hand experience with it. Thus causes everyone to think about the possible solutions to such an important social and economic problem. Whether or not anyone wants to support or ignore the issue, it will always be there. However, the youth population is on the rise among the homeless. While the exact number of youth among the homeless is hard to determine, given various information about homelessnessRead MoreWelfare Reforms During The Uk s Largest Hostel For Homeless Young People1603 Words   |  7 Pagessingle mothers, including eight expectant mothers and twenty-three children living in the UK’s largest hostel for homeless young people in London may have to be re-housed as a result of welfare reforms. It has been described as one of the largest displacements of vulnerable people since the coalition government’s welfare reforms began. The mothers have been told they may possibly be re-housed as far as Manchester, Birmingham and Hastings, which is not anywhere where they are familiar. Newham CouncilRead MoreSocial Research On Ethical And Political Context1556 Words   |  7 PagesHSW322 Applied Social Research in ethical and political context Assessment one - Literature Review Student: Mineeka De Been FOCUS OF THE PROPOSAL The focus of this proposal is to undertake a comprehensive needs assessment of the current Barwon South West Region’s Youth Homelessness Services, with the aim of locating and bridging gaps that are presently in the services system, by collecting and analysing information such as assessment data, client interviews and so forth (Depoy Gilson, 2003, p75)Read MoreThe Effects Of Homelessness On The Homeless Population1372 Words   |  6 Pages History of Homelessness The term to describe the homeless may have changed over time, however the issue of housing insecurity has remained for some Americans throughout history (Kusmer, 2001). 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Homelessness is more than just a simple disadvantage; with usually many underpinning factors which contribute to it, such as domesticRead MoreCurrent Factors Affecting The Rights Of Homeless People Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesThis literature suggests that the over-reliance on emergency services to address homelessness ... when there is an insufficient investment in prevention and affordable housing... is irresponsible (O Grady et al., 2011, p. 6). Poverty is not adequately addressed by this social welfare policy, and the public places responsibility on police and the courts instead of the governement and their own communities. Current Factors Influencing the Safe Streets Act O Grady et al., (2013) examined SSA enforcementRead MoreCauses of Homelessness Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesCauses of Homelessness Bentley Martin BSHS/302 July 16, 2011 Joey Schumacher Causes of Homelessness There are many factors that lead to poverty and homelessness. People often jump to conclusions and form stereotypes to look down upon those who are poor. Stereotypes include poor people who are viewed as lazy, jobless, criminals, or un-educated. When I think of a homeless individual, I would agree with most of the stereotypes and find within the reading and researching that there is more toRead MoreHomelessness : Homeless People Are Homeless Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesFighting Homelessness Together â€Å"Homeless people are homeless because they are too lazy to pull themselves out of it.† Unfortunately, this type of misperception all too often creates negative attitudes when it comes to understanding homelessness. Admittedly, for some, homelessness is a lifestyle choice; however, the current system presents many barriers for many homeless people that desire a home, employment, and community. Since 2011, Houston has reduced its homeless population by 57 percent; butRead MoreVoices From The Street : Exploring The Realities Of Family Homelessness714 Words   |  3 PagesBrush, B. L., Baiardi, J. M., Kirk, K., Vanmaldeghem, K. (2014). Voices From the Street: Exploring the Realities of Family Homelessness. Journal of Family Nursing, 20(4), 390-414. doi:10.1177/1074840714548943 The purpose of this study were to conduct focus groups with homeless mothers and their case workers in Detroit, Michigan, to explore the pathways into homelessness, to understand the day to day experiences of living in shelters, the process of rehousing, identify real and perceived barriersRead MoreEssay on LGBTQ Youth: The Endless Strife1362 Words   |  6 PagesRudy Estrada and Rob Woronoff wrote of the following statement made by an adolescent during the 2002 Regional Listening Forum for LGBTQ youth: I realized that being gay is not my problem. It’s their problem. I see it as a social disease. I try not to get involved in negative communities. But I do try to teach them. I’d rather teach them than ignore them. Otherwise, the ignorance will continue and nothing will ever be done about it. (380) Ignorance is the root of nearly all tribulations surrounding

Taking a Look at Behaviourism - 635 Words

What is Behaviourism: learning is the the acquisition of new behaviour based on environmental conditions linking a new behaviour to the to a stimulus by providing reinforcement after the correct behaviour is produced. Principles -based on the principles of stimulus and response -behaviour is caused by external stimuli which is also called operant conditioning -takes learner as passive recipient -learning is a based on â€Å"cause and effect†( Duchenese). -external stimuli creates response from learner which becomes a behaviour with time. Main Proponents: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov,E.L.Thorndike, B.F.Skinner and Watson Examples: The ringing of the school bell stimulates the responses of children as to go back to the class and recess time The teacher can reward a child, who is on toilet training, with a sticker or stamp to reinforce positive behaviour. What is Constructivism: learners construct knowledge for themselves Principles of constructivism: Learning is defined as the acquisition of new information which can be recalled later Role of teacher as a helper to construct knowledge by proving different tools Learner as an active participant rather than passive recipient of knowledge Gives importance to native language as a tool in learning process LearningShow MoreRelatedDifferent Perspectives And The Key Debates Within Psychology Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will aim to describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach while referring to other perspectives and the key debates within psychology. Behaviourism believes that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without the need to consider thoughts or feelings (Cardwell Flanagan, 2015). The Behaviourist approach has a number of assumptions such as it emphasises that psychology needs to be scientific, to do this you must only study observable and measurable behaviour whileRead MoreAn Inside Look at Sports Psychology1715 Words   |  7 Pagesprocesses while participating in sport (Robert Weinberg, 2010.). Academic sports psychology looks at the factors that affect participation and performance in sport. Areas that are covered in the academic research and theory are the person’s personality, attitudes, anxiety, stress and motivation (class notes, 2014). After carefully analysing the five forces of sports psychology (psychodynamic, behaviourism, cognition, humanist and Nero linguistic processing) the athlete or coach will be given additionalRead MoreThe Psychoanalytical Theory Of Psychology1567 Words   |  7 PagesAnother weakness is that his theories explain behaviour post-hoc. JB Watson strongly disagreed with Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory and argued that psychology had to stop using introspection to explain emotion and behaviour. The school of Behaviourism was then founded. Behaviourists believed that if psychology was to be scientific then it must only deal with behaviours that can be seen and measured. JB Watson’s main ideas included the idea of the ‘blank state’. By this he thought that when weRead MorePsychological Perspectives On Mental Health Disorders1728 Words   |  7 Pageshealth. Psychological perspectives are the different ways in which psychologists look at individual’s behaviours, thoughts and feelings. Although some of the psychological perspectives are very different while others are similar and seem to overlap, it is important to note that there isn’t simply one correct perspective and that each of the perspectives has their strengths and weaknesses. In this essay I am going to look into the different psychological perspectives and how they offer us an understandingRead MoreHow Does Neuroscience Look at Behaviour?1551 Words   |  6 Pagespeople behave the way they do (Grieve et al., 2005). Different theories have different perspectives on looking at behaviour, generally known as approaches. This essay will be looking at the following: approaches of neuroscience, psychodynamics, behaviourism, and cognition. To compare the different perspectives of which psychologists use to examine behaviour as well as mental processes. Neuroscience Neuropsychology comes from two disciplines the one being from neurology has to do with the brain andRead MorePsychology : A Theory Of Hierarchy Needs1237 Words   |  5 Pagesa person is behaving is it to look at the reason behind the action and its consequences. Sigmund Freud believed that our thoughts explained by the way we behave. Wilhelm Wundt believed the consciousness mind could be broken down or even reduced to the basic elements. In 1943, Abraham Maslow created a theory called, â€Å"A theory of Hierarchy needs.† Which tells us what humans are motivated by and what they need. 2. Cognitive psychologists look at how we think, it looks at things such as brain activityRead MoreComparison Of Two Psychological Perspectives, Cognitive And Behaviorism1377 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will attempt to make a analytical comparison between two psychological perspectives, cognitive and behaviourism on what they believe about their approach to learning and also explain what the theories of two psychologist that are associated with both perspectives, highlighting the similarities and differences. 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Also, the therapies discussed in the approach are untestable and are therefore non-scientific. Freud’s development of the psychoanalytic approach lead to the establishment of the behaviourist approach which was formed by John Watson in 1913. The Behaviourist approach focuses on the role of learning and based on the approach environmental factors i.e. stimuli affect and shape an individual’s behaviour. Behaviourism suggests thatRead MoreBehaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of the Learning Principles That Sustain and Maintain It. Discuss This Statement and Show How a Behaviourists Approach Is in Stark Contrast to a Psychoanalytic One.2198 Words   |  9 Pagesand maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourists approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one†. Behaviourism is a school of thought in psychology based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behaviour and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behaviour. Behaviourists are

Comparing Albert Camus The Stranger (The Outsider) and...

Lack of Order in Albert Camus The Stranger (The Outsider) and Jean-Paul Sartres Nausea Nausea, by Jean-Paul Sartre, and The Stranger, by Albert Camus, refuse to impose order on their events by not using psychology, hierarchies, coherent narratives, or cause and effect. Nausea refuses to order its events by not inscribing them with psychology or a cause for existence, and it contrasts itself with a text by Balzac that explains its events. Nausea resists the traditional strategy of including the past to predict a characters future. It instead focuses on the succession of presents, which troubles social constructions such as stories and adventure. The Stranger resists traditional categories of order by not dividing Meursaults†¦show more content†¦. . That may well be, my dear, that may well be (48). The conversation is a disordered succession of statements, each lacking a clear justification for its content. Roquentin senses this same gratuitous existence when he holds a pebble a the seashore. He feels a sort of sweetish sickness . . . a sort of Nausea in the han ds (10-11). The pebble exists without a function or justification, and the nausea is Roquentins sense of its raw existence. Nausea chooses not to incorporate its events into a system of cause and effect by allowing their gratuitous existence. Nausea refuses to use the traditional narrative strategy of describing the past in order to predict a characters future actions. The text includes few details about the past, refusing to discuss why Anny left Roquentin or what his adventures were. By not describing the past, it avoids the traditional strategy of using past events to predict a characters future. Roquentin recalls an evening with Anny because we were desperate, she as much as I . . . [to] feel the minutes passing (57). He thinks of the night in context of the irreversibility of time, as an experience linked to his exploration of adventure (57). It does not enter because Roquentin feels guilt: he believes that leaving her that night was a good job (57). It does not probe why he got up and left without saying a word to her (57). Similarly, Roquentins adventures enter only in terms of his

Conflient Free Essays

In the text, the authors state, â€Å"collusion occurs when two or more people ‘agree’ subconsciously to ignore or deny some existing state of affairs or situation† (p. 44). This is somewhat different than another definition of collusion from the investments industry (where collusion signifies insider trading between parties, which is illegal and immoral). We will write a custom essay sample on Conflient or any similar topic only for you Order Now In our â€Å"conflict† definition of collusion, we are signifying a state of affairs where people do not recognize a reality that is readily apparent to other people. This can take an unlimited amount of forms. For example, in a family setting, the larger family may â€Å"subconsciously agree† to avoid discussing or helping another family member with a substance abuse problem. In a workplace setting, a top-performing employee may have an infectiously negative attitude and regularly degrade co-workers through verbal aggressiveness. In these scenarios, the reality that is obvious is overlooked because it is either perceived as â€Å"easier† to ignore the real problem or because of power or status issues. When collusion occurs, a conflict (which may have begun as a relatively minor issue) can grow into a â€Å"life of its own†. The conflict then becomes part of a person’s identity and is continued subconsciously to benefit that identity. So for instance, the negative and verbally aggressive co-worker may develop some type of â€Å"accepted identity†. For example, people may say, â€Å"oh, that is Pat just being Pat†. This type of identity is then used to hide away the problem that is subconsciously avoided. QUESTION #2 Staw, Sandelands, and Dutton’s threat-rigidity cycle is explored in the text on pp. 6-70. The cycle works in this order. First, when individuals feel threatened, they experience and increase in stress and anxiety. Second, this increased stress and anxiety fosters emotional reactions like fear, anger, and physiological arousal. Third, these emotional reactions result in restricted information processing (i. e. , an inability to view the situation at hand in a composed manner) and constriction of behavior (i. e. , we are unable to process a full range of appropriate behaviors mentally due to our emotions taking over). As we discussed in Chapter 2, we are essentially   â€Å"flooded† with emotion, often leading to some type of knee-jerk reaction that in turn leads us to rely on our hastily made (and often incorrect) attributions. Now, the threat-rigidity cycle can take two different routes. First, if habitual responses (e. g. , verbally attacking the other person, avoiding the situation, stonewalling in silence, etc. ) do happen to be appropriate, the results will be positive and we are more prone to rely on this habitual response in the future. Conversely, if the habitual response is inappropriate, the situation will consequently worsen and the perception of threat, stress, and anxiety cycles back all over again (i. e. , we return to the first stage, thus the â€Å"cycle†). Because the threat-rigidity cycle underscores our tendency to fall back on habitual responses and attributions when confronted with a threatening situation we do consider these as â€Å"trained incapacities† (see pp. 68-69). Trained incapacities are important because we become so well trained (subconsciously) in our knee-jerk reactions that we believe we understand what is coming next in the conflict. Human beings famously believe that we can â€Å"predict† others behavior, but in reality, we are really bad at it. So what happens is that we become â€Å"blind† to the nuances of a particular conflict situation (often due to the emotional flooding cited above) and then rely on our â€Å"standard reaction† (i. e. , our trained incapacity) that we apply it whenever we are upset. This makes trained incapacities hard to detect, and in turn makes trained incapacities a very important aspect of behavior to understand, both for ourselves and for others. QUESTION #3 The confrontation episodes theory outlined on pp. 29-31 is a good guide in many situations for us to go through a â€Å"sense making† process regarding conflicts. Of course, if it was fail-proof, we wouldn’t need the rest of this course. The theory, in general, explores co-created rules of conduct that are implied in relationships (i. e. , our generally agreed upon â€Å"rules of engagement†). My hope here is that you are able to frame a conflict that you have had in a meaningful way with this guide. Naturally, it will be enlightening for many of you or give you a new perspective. Conversely, it may already inform some of you as to what you already know or may serve as reinforcement that you â€Å" did things right† in a conflict. I won’t rehash the terms that were in the guide in each step, but I do want to acknowledge the vital importance of understanding the options we are left with at the end. First, reaffirmation is a good outcome because the parties reaffirm importance of rule being questioned (but as a side note, may simply do this to â€Å"avoid conflicts†. On the other hand, an outcome with no resolution leads us toward a path where conflict is continued and may expand. Legislation and reaffirmation may serve as the two most positive outcomes, in my estimation. I say this because in legislation, parties rework or reinterpret the rule in question, coming to a shared, agreed upon meaning for the rule. Also, in reaffirmation the parties reaffirm importance of rule that is being challenged. This then provides a clear understanding (hopefully) of what that rule entails. This is a classic example of why conflict is often good, as it serves as an opportunity to clear the air about simple misunderstandings that can fester into giant problems rapidly. QUESTION #4 Central to this question are attribution processes; my overall goal with this question was to see how well you could explain the interactions of these processes as they relate to conflict. Overall, these processes included how dispositional or situational factors are used by people to draw conclusions about their own behaviors and the behaviors of others, the fundamental attribution error, and the self-serving bias (beginning on p. 61 through the middle of p. 62). Then, beginning at the bottom of p. 62, Sillars notes that attributions influence conflict in at least three major ways. First, due to the self-serving bias, people are more likely to attribute negative effects of conflict to partners rather than to themselves. This heightens resentment of others as negative effects increase, leading to distributive strategies that are damaging to conflicts. Second, again because of the use of a self-serving bias, people often think they use integrative strategies while others use distributive or avoidance tactics. This leads people to believe they are doing more to resolve the conflict than others are, while this may not actually be true in reality. Third, the fundamental attribution error heightens conflict by encouraging people to see others behavior as planned and intentional (negative attribute) and their own behavior as driven by the situation at hand (positive attribute). In short, we believe act socially desirable in conflict and others act in more negative ways, based on these attribution concepts. It is also vital to note that the self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error are impacted by perceptions of other people’s gender, ethnicity, or other demographic traits and that these two elements are also evident in our relationships with people we already know well (i. . , like the adage that suggests people are often â€Å"well informed and well biased†). Lastly, on p. 64, the authors summarize three propositions in this area of research regarding conflict: (1) people choose conflict strategies based on the attributions they make regarding the cause of the conflict, (2) biases in attribution processe s tend to lead to noncooperative modes of conflict, and (3) the choice of conflict strategies influences the likelihood of conflict resolution and the degree of satisfaction with the overall relationship. The correct answer here is really more of a judgment of how well I felt you described the associated concepts and findings above more so than a judgment of whether or not each and every piece of information above was provided in your response. QUESTION #5 This response is fairly cut-and-dried, if you will. The procedure I was looking at here is in Exhibit 4. 1 (pp. 128-131). In your response, I was hoping to see a full discussion each of the 5 â€Å"questions† as they related to your example than a quick rundown of the selections you made. The answer to each question then guides you along the model, ultimately leading to a â€Å"recommended† or â€Å"prescribed† conflict style. So in reality, this response had dozens of â€Å"correct responses† based on where the style selection tree led you to. Lastly, I was looking for you to evaluate the quality of the style (or styles for some of you) that you were guided to in your example. Would it have worked out in your estimation? Did you try that style (without knowing this information, of course)? QUESTION #6 After a fairly thorough discussion of conflict styles in Chapter 4 of the text, the authors describe pairings of conflict styles and how they interact with one another (section 4. 5 on pp. 123-124). They noted, that some conflict style pairings are â€Å" asymmetrical patterns† that did not match each other, such as a demand (compete) / withdraw (avoidance) pattern,   a supervisor / subordinate pattern at work, or a competing / collaborating pattern (which interestingly has great potential to work well together). While at first many of these styles seem â€Å"unhealthy†, leading us to believe they are unstable, some are actually quite stable in the short term (e. g. , one dominant role/one submissive role). Although it is noted that these roles may not always be stable in long run due to unhappiness among the submissive individual. Likewise, examples of â€Å"asymmetrical patterns† were also noted, which we often believe are stable because of â€Å"agreement† among the individuals. For instance, a relationship often has two â€Å" avoiders† that facilitate conflict denial/collusion, two collaborators that are more productive, but are not perfect, or two â€Å"competers† that often reinforce a cycle of escalating conflict or reach a stalemate. What we can see from both symmetrical and asymmetrical patterns is that both types of patterns can be either healthy or unhealthy based on the context in which they occur or the type of pattern being used; in other words, the pairing of styles is not a way to determine the health of a relationship. Symmetrical patterns of two competers may be great as workout partners, but bad as romantic partners. As many of us know, a competer and an avoider often work poorly because of the attack/withdrawal pattern, but a competer and a collaborator may work out wonderfully because the book notes how competers (that openly air out concerns) give collaborators tools to work with to find a â€Å"win/win† solution in many cases. QUESTION #7 This final question provided an applied conflict management scenario that revolved around the use of reframing/issue framing tactics in the textbook (p. 9 through p. 92). Just to be clear, the discussion of framing in Ch. 2 (pp. 57-59) is secondary for this question and was not the intended area of focus. In other words, I am seeking explicit reframing/issue framing tactics that would help to resolve the issue at hand (pp. 91-92). That is not to say the definition and discussion of framing in Ch. 2 is not important; in fact it is vital to acknowledge that conflict frames are a â€Å"cognitive structure based on previous experience, which guides our interpretation of an interaction or event† (p. 57). So in other words, framing provides the perceptual framework for how we view the conflict itself and the people involved. This is precisely why I created two groups of people in this fictional question that are affiliated with very different â€Å"organizational in-groups†; so it is expected that the accountant and sales person will have very (or use) different â€Å"frames†, based on what is happening. So this creates a scenario where we must â€Å"reframe† to be able to get anywhere in a conflict setting, otherwise we will constantly run into the issue of two people working in two different frames. Reframing/issue framing tactics are then a part of a â€Å"dance† (p. 90 – top). Because each reframing/issue framing tactic will likely produce a different outcome, there is more than one â€Å"right answer† here. To be clearer, a correct answer here is one that explains a reframing/issue framing tactic and reasonably explains why that tactic would make sense to use to manage the conflict in the hypothetical scenario. With that being said, here a few thoughts that I had regarding each reframing approach. Umbrellas: This approach would seem to work poorly here, as the sales staff member already believes the accountant is using this tactic (i. e. , sales person believes the accountant is jealous and is using this â€Å"petty† thing to air jealousy) Issue Expansion: This is an interesting approach overall; it is high-risk, high-reward in nature. Given the status of the growing in-group nature of the conflict, I would think the issue expansion approach may actually serve to drive a deeper wedge between the sales staff and the accounting department. I am open to different interpretations, but this appears to be the most likely outcome. Negative Inquiry: This may provide some traction toward conflict resolution. For example, if the sales staff member is convinced the accountant is jealous of their success, perhaps they need to expand on that thought as it is very vague. Also, it could be asked why the sales staff avoided phone and email communication. It may have simply been a case of having a viable excuse for not replying rapidly, instead of the accounting departments’ perception of ignorance/avoidance. Likewise, the sales staff could ask why did you â€Å"call out† someone in a face-damaging way? The answers here may get the two groups and the two main conflict parties on the right path. Fogging: On one hand, fogging may be dysfunctional as it opens up the door for avoidance issues. However, it also may create a situation where the two parties and the two in-groups can simply work towards the issues that relate to company policy here. Conflict is rarely â€Å"forgotten†, but if the accounting department and sales staff find a way to change the protocol to allow for a smooth work environment, time may heal some of the wounds. Fractionation: Although more than one approach can be right here, as I care more about the way you apply a solution to the problem, fractionation jumps out as the most helpful tactic at first glance. Here, both the accountant and the sales person (or their entire departments) may be able to break down the larger issues into fractioned pieces to address individually. So this means instead of looking at the big issue (inter-group conflict between sales staff and accounting department), the parties would look at each component. One thing the book does not mention, and this is generally true of all â€Å" textbook† conflict resolution tactics, is that fractionation would probably be very time consuming (especially if you are talking about long-standing, deeply ingrained conflicts). However, this is sometimes the only way to put conflicts to rest; which is something that should be very appealing for two departments in an organization that really need to cooperate with each other. The long term gains would seem to outweigh the short-term productivity losses. How to cite Conflient, Papers

Bank Of India V. Gobindram Naraindas Sadhwani And Others

Question: Discuss about theBank of India v. Gobindram Naraindas Sadhwani and Others. Answer: Introduction The paper deals with the case of Bank of India v. Gobindram Naraindas Sadhwani and others where both the ends meet for the case at one place as the former has recognized the latter as guarantors to the large sum. In this paper, the case is also explained from one party's perspective in terms of arguments and validity. The rules that are applicable to this case are also detailed in the IRAC method. This case specifically involves a range of parties to obtain justice for all that the guarantors did. Summary The case involves two different parties - Gobindaram and family and bank that has acknowledged him and his wife to be the guarantors for a huge sum. Gobindram Naraindas Sadhwani along with his wife are the plaintiffs and are supposed to be Indian nations residing in the region of Hong Kong. Kishinchando Naraindas Sadhwani is the brother of Gobindram. Kishinchando along with his wife reside in Japan but are actually from India. This implies that all of them origin from India and they have settled in different places for various reasons. At this point, K (Kishinchando) has started an international trade business in his current location along with his wife. They both constitute as the defendants in this case. Due to the business requirement, plaintiffs and defendants attempted to obtain loan from Bank of India. This bank has insisted them to undertake a guaranty agreement in the name of company that they are about to start (Anon, 2016). As there were issues between the plaintiffs and defendants, the former had to cancel the acceptance to guaranty agreement. As a result, the defendants created a new one with the limit of 330 million yen. The deal got over with the defendants. One fine day, the bill drawn by K's company was dishonored and the Bank of India had to claim $540,000 USD against this international trade company. While the bank realized that the plaintiffs need to be sued for they had given the surety towards this case. In 1982, Bank of India decided to sue against Gobindaram and his wife for having breached the guaranty agreement and the case was filed in Hong Kong High Court. Having heard the same from the bank, Gobindaram and his wife decided to sue the bank again for having pledged the mortgage with the defendants K and his wife. Two cases were already in progress at the Hong Kong High Court. To ensure additional safety, Gobindram and his wife pled for compensation from the defendants in the court as a new case. In order to defend the case between the plaintiffs and defendants, Radika and K filed yet another case against the plaintiffs as they were the guarantors for the whole contract in association with Bank of India and therefore, this was submitted for hearing. In 1998, the hearing arrived and the judgments to all the four cases were favorable towards the plaintiffs (Ruthan, 2007). Upon this judgment, plaintiffs demanded for litigation cost compensation from defendants and the court has also decided to send the notice of motion stating the need to compensate about 1.2 million Hong Kong dollars as the litigation cost. This action was taken against the defendants because the defendants had left the issue half way and they proved their dishonesty through their actions and non - responsiveness. Adding to dishonesty, delayed interest was shown as yet another reason for the plaintiff to file a case against the defendants in District Court of Kobe for the purpose of immediate collection or reimbursement of litigation costs. Eventually, the defendants arrived to appeal at the court but the court has dismissed the appeal. The cases went on and on. K had argued at the court that Gobindram and his wife are the ones to be sued. To this argument, Gobindram and his wife argued that the law under which they have signed and accepted as the guarantors is Japanese law. Having considered Japanese law to deal with the case hearing and judgment, Mr and Mrs Gobindram were let free from liability as Bank of India accepted to the same (Foote, 2007). On the other hand, the problem comes now on which law has to be applied to give the judgment towards the guarantee contract - India or Hong Kong. Selected party Throughout this paper dealing with Bank of India v. Gobindaram and others, the party chosen to project is India. Bank of India is the one to have dealt with the plaintiffs and defendants since the beginning and this bank is the one to have filed cases against the guarantors for the dishonor of payment that happened from K's end. As a result, several arguments are highlighted from India's side to seek justice and also to reimburse the charges for dishonor of K and his wife. Facts Gobindrams are Hong Kong based residents and Kishinchands are Japan based residents Bank of India - an Indian corporation bank with its headquarters in Bombay had dealt with the plaintiffs and defendants in this case The bank also had its regional offices located in Tokyo and Osaka The actual organigram associated with the case is presented below. Kischinchands owned about 60% while Gobindrams owned the balance of 40% in the company. The other brothers of Gobindram and Kischinchands run corporations in Sri Lanka and Nigeria to and were responsible to pay for the bills of exchange that the K's company actually created. While several confusions on whom to punish were developed in the minds of bank and the courts, the Bank of India eventually decided to file a case in Hong Kong Court where they actually have their businesses running and it is Hong Kong law that should actually intervene in this case (Henderson, 1973). This international business case has had issues in terms of dishonor, moral irresponsibility, unaccountability, ever growing disputes, change in agreements and negative intentions. All these virtues were taken into account when Bank of India had filed the case. Issue The biggest issue that is existing in this case is "which law to follow to deal with the guaranty agreement - India or Japan?" While they are nationals of India and Bank of India from India had actually agreed them the amount, it is Japan where the family of Kishanchand has the business running and every law is in accordance with their existing country of residence and operation (Henderson, 1973). "Is Japanese law supposed to be the governing law?" The guarantee contract is regarded to be a separate contract but still somewhere associated with the line of credit contract. Rule In accordance with the rule in general, the court has to apply the governing law of state. The state here is the one that is very close and much real with respect to dispute. This applies as long as the intention being expressed to the actual law is absent (Singh, 2004). Application The Bank of India here is supposed to be the actual plaintiff that argues that Indian or Hong Kong law should be applied to this breach of guaranty contract having understood the terms (Ho, 2012). Although it is Gobindrams who tried to defend with the law, according to Bank of India, it is Kishanchands who actually tried to fool in a big way. They are supposed to be the defendants. It is Bank of India who has granted release for the guarantors - Mr and Mrs Gobindram. As a result, Japanese law is the closest law according to Gobindrams and has to protect in terms of liability. There are three ways by which Japanese law has the closest connection with respect to this case. Place of party - Japan is the place where Kishanchand and his wife Radhika stay and execute their business. Hence, this is also regarded as the place of act and negotiation. Type of guarantee - With respect to the guarantee contract signed by both the ends, the figures are in Yen which is very much clear that it is Japanese currency and Japanese law is related to this case (Fletcher, 2005). Residence of guarantor - Kishinchand resides in this very location Hence, it is Japanese law that has to deal with this case but it is also clear at this point that Gobindrams have been excluded from liability to this case long ago. Taking Article 118i of Code of Civil Procedure, there is a judicial cooperation between the country currently considered and the judgment country. Here it is, India vs Japan. There are no earlier treaties signed between these two countries to deal with cases like these. Indemnity basis is the only concept applied to examine the dishonest conduct by the defendants. This is a special case that requires excess punitive evaluation (Justia, 2016). In the case of Gobindram, foreign judgment is demanded under the common law so as to ensure that relevant judgment is passed by the Court. Even though there is no direct reference to the law clause of the country, there is still a relation with the same. Arguments of Selected Party Multiple parties have engaged in this case to explain and deal with the situation. The case of India is quite complicated as this is the country where the dealing has been started by the defendants. There are several arguments that India can make this point to prove that they are still plaintiffs and ignorant owing to the dishonesty and immoral activities performed by the defendants (Law, 1998). The possible arguments are given below. India is the location where the guaranty contract was established with the Gobindrams family. The proceedings of this case happened in the foreign country and the defendants do not belong to India in terms of residence or work operations Guaranty contract clearly indicated the statement of Yen in the transfer and acceptance for transactional convenience The bankruptcy had actually happened in other countries namely Nigeria and Sri Lanka where the brothers of defendants had their businesses running The continuous mischief and immoral acts by the defendants clearly show that they have done this act of fooling the banking institution deliberately to fulfill the needs at that point of time (Leonard and Besant, 1994). Gobindram has submitted a false oath when he actually signed the guarantor agreement and his brother has just tried to divert the focus of the entire case by entering from yet another location The acts of brothers / defendants clearly show the cases of bankruptcy and complete disregard for truth which are the clear reasons behind their knowingly submitted false oath to the bank to seek the amount (Ratner, Stein and Weitnauer, 2009). The settlement should be done by both Kishanchands and Gobindrams for their false promises and continuous reasons shown to escape from the court's punishments and hearing. The settlement should necessarily reimburse the losses incurred during the period and the legal amounts as instructed by the Japanese laws. Gobindrams should reimburse for the false oath and Kishanchands for all the other immoral activities to stay away from the judgments. The settlements should also be penalized with the taxes that fit the state's law (Mason, 2012). While the Gobindarams have denied to accept the incharge and accountability for this debt and reluctance to attend the court proceedings, they have also filed case against Bank of India for being sued in accordance with the case. The charges for denial of discharge are also exposed to both the defendants. By these arguments, India clearly seeks justice for all the false negotiations and mistrust developed by Gobindrams during the course of this case. Bank of India then realized and appealed in the higher court of Hong Kong for justice and reimbursement of all the amounts being spent towards this case. Special conciliation was also held to notify the defendants about further proceedings. Bank of India only remained as a starting point for the defendants to take advantage of this case and fool people around with different opinions and malpractices (Ped, 2016). Japanese judiciary laws gave the results to this case in the most just manner. Discussion The case of Gobindram shows the situation of personal as well as professional insolvency situations. According to the business law in Japan, it is essential to legally and ethically proceed in every operation of the entity. In the case of Gobindram, the insolvency is known in prior and that is the ultimate reason he tried to back out from the situation even after signing the guaranty agreement. Although there are many cases of insolvency and bankruptcy reported by different businesses, the case involving Gobindram and his brother Kishanchand along with their corresponding wives demonstrates the deliberate action to fool the Bank of India that tried to sanction them with the amount. It is not only a dishonor but also a case of conflict as it worked against the actual laws. There is also a conflict of law observed in this case which is the very reason for the interruption of foreign court to deal the case and deliver relevant judgments. The suit was carried out in one country but dealt and ordered with further proceedings in other country. This also implies variation in the litigation charges that the defendants are actually responsible to bear soon after the hearing is done and judgment is given. However, the only advantage with this case is that all the states had legitimate interests and similar objectives to end this case which is the reason Bank of India had agreed for Japanese law to occur in place. This case also shows a specific form of negligence expressed by both the brothers to deal with further proceedings so after the dishonor to the exchange bills happened. There are several virtues being neglected in this paper. These include dishonor, lack of accountability, conflicts of interest, immorality and lack of truthfulness. The side of India is specifically taken to discuss in this paper because of the sole reason that justice lies with it for the continual disagreements and disinterests shown by the defendants even after they are regarded as law breakers. The only thing that Bank of India had missed to evaluate is their previous background in terms of operational financial history followed by clear list of penalties if the laws are broken and not adhered to. Conclusion In this paper, the case of Gobindram v. Bank of India is discussed in terms of its issues, actual facts, relevant rules that are applicable under Japanese law and that go hand in hand. Further, the arguments that are from the Bank of India's side are listed and the situation of insolvency along with negligence soon after the guaranty agreement is signed by both the defendants - Gobindram and Kishanchand. This is also a specific case where multiple parties from different countries involved including Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Japan and India which is indeed a rare instance. References Anon, (2016). Japan's personal insolvency law. [online] Available at: https://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGILD/Resources/Jan11-CI-Yanagira.pdf [Accessed 25 Sep. 2016]. Ruthan, J. (2007). Asian insolvency systems. Paris: OECD. Foote, D. (2007). Law in Japan. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Henderson, D. (1973). Foreign enterprise in Japan. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Ho, L. (2012). Cross-border insolvency. London: Globe Law and Business. Fletcher, I (2005). Insolvency in Private International Law (2nd ed.). UK: Oxford University Press. Int'L Business Publications, U. (2015). Japan business law handbook. [Place of publication not identified]: Intl Business Pubns Usa. Justia, (2016). Gobindram v. Bank of India, New York Branch et al, No. 2:2014cv04961 - Document 26 (E.D.N.Y. 2015). [online] Justia Law. Available at: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/new-york/nyedce/2:2014cv04961/359993/26/ [Accessed 25 Sep. 2016]. Kumar, N. (n.d.). Politics and Real Firm Activity: Evidence from Distortions in Bank Lending in India. SSRN Electronic Journal. Law, K. (1998). Bank of India v. Gobindram. [online] Available at: https://www.law.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~tomeika/procedure/procedure-cases-judgments%20JAIL-PDF/2-034_SUPREME_COURT_APRIL_28.1998.pdf [Accessed 25 Sep. 2016]. Leonard, E. and Besant, C. (1994). Current issues in cross-border insolvency and reorganisations. London: Graham Trotman. Mason, R. (2012). Cross-border Insolvency and Legal Transnationalisation. Int. Insolv. Rev., 21(2), pp.105-126. Ped, E. (2016). Bank of India V. Gobindram Naraindas Sadhwani and others. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6KkKEp106o [Accessed 25 Sep. 2016]. Ratner, I., Stein, G. and Weitnauer, J. (2009). Business valuation and bankruptcy. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Keay, A. and Walton, P. (2011). Insolvency Law (2nd ed.). Jordan: Jordans Publications. Singh, A. (2004). Law of insolvency. Lucknow: Eastern Book Co. Tomasic, R. (2006). Insolvency law in East Asia. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Briggs, A. (2002). The conflict of laws. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Collier, J. (2001). Conflict of laws. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Graveson, R. (1969). The conflict of laws. London: Sweet Maxwell. Maclean, R. and Tovey, G. (1996). Conflict of laws. Horsmonden: Old Bailey.

Management and Organizations in a Global Proportions

Question: Describe about the Management and Organizations in a Global Environment. Answer: Part 1 Activity 1: The Milgram Experiment The behavioral study of obedience conducted by Stanley Milgram in the year 1963 stays evidence to the fact that ordinary, courteous and decent nature of humankind may be challenged when put under pressure from authoritative figures. In fact, the experiment showed that when an individual obeys to an unjust authoritative figure, they could go to any extent inflicting pain to extreme level the other person. It was further found from the study that more than 65% of the experiment subjects or the volunteers continued to inflict severe pain in what they perceived as legitimate authoritative figure (Abc.net.au. 2016). According to my opinion, obedience to authority is definitely applicable to all human beings. The act of inflicting emotional, mental or physical pain can be related to the respective profession of the individual. For example, a sergeant employed in Australian Federal police may inflict severe physical pain to a suspect to make them confess of their guilt. It must be noted that the decision to take extreme actions of inflicting severe physical pain may be because of direct orders from Deputy Commissioner or commander of the police force. Similarly, if my supervisor in an organization instructs me, I also may take to inflict mental or emotional pain to some extent to the other individual. Although it has to be noted that the extent of showing inhumane nature will only be limited to some extent rather than take any decision which may prove to be disastrous for the other person in the organization (Brannigan 2013). Activity 2: Solomon Asch and Group Conformity It will be wrong to say that my personal decisions are always based on objective process. In many times, it is difficult to rule out the factors leading to the comfort zone and there comes the personal opinions, perspectives and feelings of decision-making which are completely subjective in nature and are very often adopted by me. As per the experiment conducted by Solomon Ash, the reason for being one susceptible to conform to the group opinion is mainly based on informational conformity (also known as social conformity) or normative conformity. Based on two theories one may desire to be a part of the group because of the convincing nature of the group. This is seen in positive facts, which are approved by the society, and in most cases, the young generation learns from the older generation in terms of social conformity. In some cases, it also happened that go along with the group so that we do not face any criticism by being deviant from the opinions of the group. Hence, it can be said that for the purpose of greater acceptance one conforms to the norms of the group based on social conformity and normative conformity theories (Kundu and Cummins 2013). In any situation where the subjects are apprehensive of bringing insecurities in maintaining bond among team members of a group, then it can influence a member to change attitude, behavior or opinion within the group. This is particularly evident in teams of modern business organizations, where an individual although having a different opinion about an issue or a step taken by the higher management, is more likely to go in favor of rest of the group members. This has been observed mainly because of fear of losing trust, fear of criticism from the group members and for a greater amount of acceptance by conforming to the norms of the group (Toelch and Dolan 2015). Part 2 Activity 1: Linear Programming Word Problem The main purpose of the video has been shown for a rancher mixing two different brands of food in order to minimize the cost. The main learning objective of the video has provided insights about taking different proportions of quantities of two different kinds of brand and mixing them in such a manner to obtain the minimum cost possible. The rational decision-making approach has been also seen in terms of maintaining the constraints, which are associated with the brand such as in the given case brand X consisted of 15 g of protein and 10 g of fat while brand B consists of 20 g of protein and 5 g of fat. The rational decision-making approach has been also seen in not only mixing the two quantities in the right proportions but also selecting the minimum cost from a list of computed costs (YouTube. 2016). The limitations are seen in form of applicability in issues where the constraints and the desired objective functions are linear in nature. There has to be always expressed in terms of the questions, whereas in practical situations the objective functions are the constraint on not linear in nature and hence they cannot be applied. The limitations are also seen in not considering the uncertain whether factors. It also has to consider integer two as the solutions and one singular objective is only good in common practice. While calculation of linear programming graphical methods the parameters are assumed to be constant in nature, whereas in real life they may not be constant. Hence some of the assumptions are unrealistic in nature (Dent et al.2013). Linear programming model can have significant use in serving of planning for econometric models such as formulation of multilevel planning of national, state level problems and various types of other problems related to storage of food grain, transportation in urban systems. It has various types of applications in production of the environment for the purpose of handling various and hazardous materials and finding out alternative sources such as clean energy, recycling and other cleaner designs (Rueda-Medina et al. 2013). The main advantage is seen in form of dealing with complex problems and improving the quality of the overall decision-making. It is further helpful for analysis of location preference such as public hospitals, health centers and recreational parks. Linear programming also plays a vital role in utilizing data for agricultural planning and allocation of the limited resources such as the factors of production in order to increase the net revenue (Higle and Sen 2013). Reference List Abc.net.au. (2016).7.30 - ABC. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2012/s3489852.htm [Accessed 7 Dec. 2016]. Brannigan, A., 2013. Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments: a report card 50 years later.Society,50(6), p.623. Dent, J.B., Harrison, S.R. and Woodford, K.B., 2013.Farm planning with linear programming: concept and practice. Elsevier. Higle, J.L. and Sen, S., 2013.Stochastic decomposition: a statistical method for large scale stochastic linear programming(Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media. Kundu, P. and Cummins, D.D., 2013. Morality and conformity: The Asch paradigm applied to moral decisions.Social Influence,8(4), pp.268-279. Rueda-Medina, A.C., Franco, J.F., Rider, M.J., Padilha-Feltrin, A. and Romero, R., 2013. A mixed-integer linear programming approach for optimal type, size and allocation of distributed generation in radial distribution systems.Electric power systems research,97, pp.133-143. Toelch, U. and Dolan, R.J., 2015. Informational and Normative Influences in Conformity from a Neurocomputational Perspective.Trends in cognitive sciences,19(10), pp.579-589. YouTube. (2016).Linear Programming Word Problem - Example 1. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ACJ9ewUC6U [Accessed 7 Dec. 2016].